Abstract
As global interest in nuclear energy grows, particularly for low-carbon power generation, medical innovation, and agricultural resilience, establishing a robust nuclear safety and security regime is essential for ensuring the peaceful and responsible use of nuclear technology. This paper offers a comprehensive assessment of Pakistan’s nuclear safety and security regime within the broader context of its peaceful nuclear program. A founding member of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and an early supporter of the “Atoms for Peace” initiative, Pakistan has consistently demonstrated its commitment to the peaceful use of nuclear technology by developing a dual-focused regulatory framework that separately addresses nuclear safety and nuclear security. This study analyzes the evolution, legal foundations, institutional mechanisms, and regulatory infrastructure of Pakistan’s national regime, highlighting its adherence to IAEA safety standards, international legal instruments, and voluntary codes of conduct. Drawing from Pakistan’s practical experience, the paper examines the peaceful applications of nuclear technology across five key sectors: energy, healthcare, research and education, agriculture, and industry. It further explores the role of the Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority (PNRA), the structure and enforcement of licensing and oversight mechanisms, and the integration of safety and security culture. Special attention is given to human capacity building, radioactive waste management, transport safety, emergency preparedness, and international cooperation— a key dimension that shape Pakistan’s proactive engagement with global nuclear governance. The analysis concludes by positioning Pakistan’s nuclear safety and security regime as a responsible, transparent, and internationally aligned framework that contributes not only to national development but also to the strengthening of global nuclear norms.